Monday, May 18, 2020

Survival of the Fittest vs. Natural Selection

When Charles Darwin was coming up with the Theory of Evolution, he had to find a mechanism that drove evolution. Many other scientists, such as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, had already described the change in species over time, but they didnt offer explanations as to how it occurred. Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently came up with the idea of natural selection to fill that void. Natural Selection vs. Survival of the Fittest Natural selection is the idea that species that acquire adaptations favorable for their environment will pass those adaptations to their offspring. Eventually, only individuals with those favorable adaptations will survive, which is how the species changes over time or evolves through speciation. In the 1800s, after Darwin first published his book On the Origin of Species, British economist Herbert Spencer used the term survival of the fittest in relation to Darwins idea of natural selection as he compared Darwins theory to an economic principle in one of his books. This interpretation of natural selection caught on, and Darwin used the phrase in a later edition of On the Origin of Species. Darwin used the term as it was meant regarding natural selection. Nowadays, however, the term is often misunderstood when used in place of natural selection. Public Misconception of Fittest Members of the public might be able to describe natural selection as survival of the fittest. Pressed for further explanation of the term, however, most answer incorrectly. Someone not familiar with what natural selection really is might take fittest to mean the best physical specimen of the species and that only those in the best shape and best health will survive in nature. That isnt always the case. Individuals that survive arent always the strongest, fastest, or smartest. By that definition, then, survival of the fittest might not be the best way to describe natural selection as it applies to evolution. Darwin didnt mean it in those terms when he used it in his republished book. He intended fittest to mean the members of the species best suited for the immediate environment, the basis of the idea of natural selection. Favorable and Unfavorable Traits   Since an individual needs the most favorable traits to survive in the environment, it follows that individuals with favorable adaptations will live long enough to pass their genes to their offspring. Those lacking the favorable traits—the unfit—most likely wont live long enough to pass down their unfavorable traits, and eventually, those traits will be bred out of the population. The unfavorable traits might take many generations to decline in numbers and longer to disappear from the gene pool. This is evident in humans with the genes of fatal diseases; their genes are still in the gene pool even though conditions are unfavorable for their survival. Remedying the Misunderstanding Now that this idea is stuck in our lexicon, there isnt much that can be done to help others understand the actual meaning of the phrase beyond explaining the intended definition of the word fittest and the context in which it was said. An alternative could be to avoid using the phrase altogether when discussing the Theory of Evolution or natural selection. Its acceptable for a person to use the term survival of the fittest if he or she understands the scientific definition. However, casual use of the phrase by someone without knowledge of natural selection can be misleading. Students who are first learning about evolution and natural selection should avoid using the term until they have a deeper knowledge of the subject.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Levels Of Analysis And The Stu Essay - 1546 Words

Three levels of analysis, each with its own distinct strength, reveals three different ways of understanding international relations. The first states that all nation-states behave similarly, the second emphasizes the unique internal factors of a nation-state, while the third level of analysis focuses on the individual deciding a stateamp;#8217;s course of action. Each level of analysis is useful in the study of international relations. Indeed, used all together, it is not long before arriving at a point where a vast number of explanations for the actions of a country are brought to light. However, to best understand international relations, one level of analysis is more useful than the rest, because it provides the most comprehensive†¦show more content†¦The third level of analysis also has the ability to, within the models that can view the state as non-monolithic, presume that the different groups have similar interests and share the same hierarchy of goals by use of the organizational model; or, it can explore the presumption that the different groups have different interests by use of the bureaucratic model. Furthermore, because the focus of level three analysis is on the participants in the decision making process, the psychological aspects that influence the actions of the groups and individuals who influence the actions that the state are considered as well. These psychological aspects can include the perceptions of an individual that are shaped by their past experiences, stereotypes formed through those experiences and their own personal values. The third level of analysis, because of all that it takes into consideration, has a completeness in understanding international relations than cannot be matched by the first and second levels of analysis. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Examples of how the third level of analysis is more useful in better understanding international relations can be seen in examining the Cuban Missile Crisis. A conclusion that would be drawn from a level two analysis is that the US chose the blockade to deal with the discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba,Show MoreRelatedRole Of Western National Insurance Company1045 Words   |  5 PagesInsurance Company, and the steps taken by a new CEO, Stu Henderson, to turn around the failing company. The case study discusses the strategy of the organization, and how the CEOs leadership affected the outcome of the efforts, the staff, and the overall performance of the organization. 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Crowdfunding A Modern Way of Funding Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Crowdfunding- A Modern Way of Funding. Answer: Introduction Crowdfunding is a modern method for small businesses to collect funding for their ideas through the public. Usually, corporations collect funding through investment firms such as banking corporations, investment firms, and venture capitalists, but these firms did not invest in small businesses. Crowdfunding enables small businesses or entrepreneurs to directly collect investment from people who are interested in their ideas. The investment provided by the public to a small business helps them start their operations and provide the profits back to investors. To promote crowdfunding in Australia, the government has passed a new act which provides a new structure for generating investment through crowdfunding. This essay analyses the benefit or drawback of crowdfunding method of investment, to give advice to Howard Jones regarding his new project. The essay will evaluate crowdfunding from the perspective of companies who use it to generate their capital. Further, the essay will compare legislation of Australia with other countries. Crowdfunding- A Modern Way of Funding In modern times, a large number of people have access to technology; this access leads to new innovations daily. In past few years, the number of new entrepreneurs has grown significantly. People are using modern technology to create new products or applications each day, but to take such products to large scale, entrepreneurs require funding[1]. The traditional methods of investment which include, taking loans from banks, investment firms or venture capitalists, are limited in numbers. A large number of the entrepreneurs were not being able to raise capital for their project. Crowdfunding has provided hope to such entrepreneurs by providing them funding from the public. Crowdfunding uses online platforms to connect entrepreneurs and public to assist them in gaining investment. In crowdfunding, the capital is provided by family, friends, small-scale investors and other public who are interested in the idea of the entrepreneur[2]. For entrepreneurs, there are four different crowdfunding methods to generate investment from public, which includes, reward, charity, equity and lending method[3]. In the reward-based method, the investors receive inventive for the capital they invested in the entrepreneurs project. In charity or social based method, the investment generates for some social purpose which benefits the society. The equity-based method is most popular; financier receives shares of the corporation for the investment provided by them. In the lending based system, the capital is considered as a loan and the company pay it back with interest to the financier[4]. Other than selecting the method of investment, there are few steps which must be followed by entrepreneur while generating funding through crowdfunding process. The first and foremost step is providing true and complete information regarding the project to the financiers. The information contains project details such as funding needed, product speci fication, time frame, and rewards given to the investors[5]. Crowdfunding has been used by several organisations as a method for generating funding for their operations. Indigogo and Kickstarter are two most popular sites of crowdfunding in Australia[6]. These websites along with various others help many entrepreneurs to generate funding for their businesses. Small Australian technology corporations such as Ninja Block and KoalaSafe have been successfully used crowdfunding website Kickstarter to raise funding. Another organisation called Satellite Reign has raised capital for their real-time action video game through Kickstarter. More than 3.3 million people invested their money in twenty-two thousand crowdfunding projects using Kickstarter in 2014. Pozible, a website for crowdfunding projects, has launched more than eight thousand entrepreneurs projects and generated investment of $25 million[7]. With commercial purpose, crowdfunding is also used by charitable organisations to generate funding for social causes. It is a modern way of donating money to charitable causes[8]. For example, four years old girl named Eliza had Sanfilippo syndrome which is a neurological disorder. Due to symptoms of this disease, Eliza was not able to eat, walk or even talk. Elizas treatment requires $2.5 million, but her parents did not have that money. Elizas father creates a homemade video of Elizas condition and uploaded it over the internet. The mainly raised through such video was not enough for the treatment of Eliza. That video was seen by a filmmaker named Benjamin Von Wong who made a short film over Eliza. The filled was named Saving Eliza and along with such film, a crowdfunding page was also established to raise funding for Elizas treatment. The camping for saving Eliza has raised more than $1.8 million for her treatment through crowdfunding[9]. Due to its popularity, the Australian government decided to establish regulations regarding crowdfunding procedure in Australia. The government enacted Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Act 2017[10] to promote and regulate the process of crowdfunding. The act amended various regulations of Corporations Act 2001 and provides new policies for small corporations to raise funding through crowdfunding. Many policies of Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 have also been altered due to new crowdfunding policies. Many new exemptions have been provided to many market operatives to promote the usage of crowdfunding in Australia. The policies of Australian market license have also been amended to provide various exemptions to the corporation[11]. The crowdfunding act provided that small sector organisation can spend ten thousand dollars on the crowdfunding project in a year. The wholesale investors with annual revenue more than $250,000 and assets value more than $2.5 million are able to invest in crowdfunding projects. The limits provided by crowdfunding act restrict the opportunity for entrepreneurs to generate funding. Many market experts criticised the crowdfunding policies and stated that the limits provided by thelaw are against the basic nature of crowdfunding principles. Other countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States have also provided legislative policies regarding crowdfunding method but there is no limit provided by them over the funding. Observation In the United States, the Jobs Act 2012 enables corporations to raise funding through online websites for their projects. The Securities and Exchange Commission regulates the policies of crowdfunding and in 2016 it amended the act by introducing equity crowdfunding for the companies[12]. Most of the entrepreneurs in the United States use crowdfunding websites such as Kickstarter to generate investment for unique and original business ideas. The lack of investment limit allows entrepreneurs to generate high investment which assists in the growth of their corporations[13]. There are several organisations that used crowdfunding as a primary method for generating capital for their operations. One of the successful examples is Oculus Rift. Oculus Rift used crowdfunding to generate investment for their virtual reality kit which was significantly successful and it raised more than $2.5 million. The company uses such money to advance their virtual reality technologies and in 2014 they were bought by Facebook for $2 billion[14]. In 2015, more than $34.4 billion was generated by entrepreneurs throughout the world using crowdfunding procedure. Even with all the limitations, Australian entrepreneurs have the option to raise capital through crowdfunding process which can be beneficial for them. The steps taken by Australian government will improve their economy and promote small entrepreneur businesses[15]. The project of Howard Jones regarding increasing the life of batteries can revolutionised the industry. A large number of people will be interested to invest in the project of Howard. Therefore, Howard should choose the method of crowdfunding to raise capital for his project. Howard will be able to generate a large amount of investment through crowdfunding procedure. The regulation provided by the Australian government will provide various exemptions to Howard such as lower corporate social responsibility disclosures[16]. Howard will also have the benefit of controlling the decision for his company because, in case of traditional sources, large corporations who invest in projects prefer to create their own policies. Due to its benefits, crowdfunding is the better option for generating investment for Howard Jones, than compared to traditional sources. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that crowdfunding has gained considerable popularity and in the future, it is going to generate more attention as well. Crowdfunding provides a source of investment to small entrepreneurs who cannot get investment from large corporations. The regulations established by Australian government are criticized by market experts, but they will assist the small corporations of Australian by providing them an investment. As compared to other countries the Australian regulations provide more limits over organisations while investing in the crowdfunding projects. In case of Howard Jones project, crowdfunding is a better option than compared to tradition method due to its benefits. Crowdfunding provides various exemptions and control to Howard than other sources, therefore, Howard should select crowdfunding as a method for generating capital for his project. Bibliography Belleflamme, Paul, Thomas Lambert, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd."Journal of business venturing29.5 (2014): 585-609. Cordova, Alessandro, Johanna Dolci, and Gianfranco Gianfrate. "The determinants of crowdfunding success: Evidence from technology projects."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences181 (2015): 115-124. Eastwell, Michelle, Jessica Dale, and Felicity Dunstone. "Crowd-sourced equity funding is coming to Australia."Governance Directions69.7 (2017): 411. Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al. Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Frydrych, Denis, et al. "Exploring entrepreneurial legitimacy in reward-based crowdfunding."Venture Capital16.3 (2014): 247-269. Fumagalli, Danielle C., and Arvin M. Gouw. "Focus: Personalized Medicine: Crowdfunding for Personalized Medicine Research."The Yale journal of biology and medicine88.4 (2015): 413. Hui, Julie S., Michael D. Greenberg, and Elizabeth M. Gerber. "Understanding the role of community in crowdfunding work."Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing. ACM, 2014. Khadem, N. "Crowdfunding in Australia a step closer."The Sydney Morning Herald(2014). Klaebe, Helen G., and Rebecca Laycock. "How to work the crowd: A snapshot of barriers and motivations to crowdfunding." (2012). Manzoor, Amir. "Crowdfunding for Non-Profits."Handbook of Research on Emerging Business Models and Managerial Strategies in the Nonprofit Sector(2017): 152. Mollick, Ethan. "The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study."Journal of business venturing29.1 (2014): 1-16. Stanko, Michael A., and David H. Henard. "How crowdfunding influences innovation."MIT Sloan Management Review57.3 (2016): 15. Stumm, Tony. "The rebirth of crowd funding in Australia!."Governance Directions69.2 (2017): 96. Valanciene, Loreta, and Sima Jegeleviciute. "Valuation of crowdfunding: benefits and drawbacks."Economics and Management18.1 (2013): 39-48. Wash, Rick. "The Value of Completing Crowdfunding Projects."ICWSM13 (2013): 7th. Weinstein, Ross S. "Crowdfunding in the US and Abroad: What to Expect When You're Expecting."Cornell Int'l LJ46 (2013): 427.